Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Algorithm for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb and Observe Method

The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm for photovoltaic systems employs the Perturb and Observe method, which works by continuously monitoring and adjusting the operating point of the photovoltaic system to achieve precise tracking of the maximum power output from solar panels. The algorithm operates through a cyclic process of perturbing the system voltage or current, observing the resulting power change, and then determining the direction for the next perturbation based on whether the power increases or decreases. This implementation typically involves voltage/current sensors for measurement, a microcontroller for decision-making, and PWM signals for controlling the DC-DC converter. By systematically adjusting the duty cycle of the converter, the algorithm ensures the system operates at its optimal power point, thereby enhancing energy conversion efficiency and maintaining peak performance across different solar irradiation conditions. The code implementation generally includes functions for power calculation, perturbation direction decision logic, and duty cycle adjustment with appropriate step sizes to balance tracking speed and stability.