HEED Protocol Implementation with Fixed Cluster Radius

The HEED (Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed) protocol is a classic clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks. Its core concept involves selecting optimal cluster head nodes by hybridizing energy and distance factors, forming an efficient data transmission structure. In the fixed cluster radius implementation, each cluster's coverage area is constrained to a predefined value, enabling better network topology control and reduced energy consumption through systematic radius management.

The key innovation of HEED lies in its cluster head election mechanism. Nodes determine their eligibility to become cluster heads based on residual energy and communication cost factors (such as neighbor distance or signal strength). Higher-energy nodes exhibit greater probability of being elected as cluster heads, while inter-clhead coordination prevents cluster domain overlaps. The fixed radius constraint ensures relatively balanced node distribution per cluster head, thereby optimizing network load distribution through calculated radius boundaries.

In MATLAB implementation, the simulation typically follows this algorithmic workflow: 1. Network initialization: Random deployment of nodes within a defined area with assigned initial energy values using coordinate generation functions 2. Information broadcast: Nodes exchange energy levels and positional data through message passing routines 3. Probability calculation: Each node computes its cluster head probability using energy-weighted algorithms and distance matrices 4. Iterative election: Cluster heads are elected through multiple iterations ensuring compliance with fixed-radius constraints using geometric validation functions 5. Cluster formation: Regular nodes join their nearest cluster head using distance minimization algorithms 6. Performance simulation: Data transmission processes are simulated with energy consumption monitoring and network lifetime metrics tracking

The fixed-radius HEED protocol is particularly suitable for applications requiring strict topology control, such as environmental monitoring or military sensor networks. By constraining cluster dimensions through radius parameters, it achieves balanced node energy expenditure and extends overall network operational duration through optimized spatial partitioning.