Typical LSB Watermark Embedding and Extraction Algorithm

This article presents a basic MATLAB program demonstrating typical LSB (Least Significant Bit) watermark embedding and extraction algorithms, serving as an excellent starting point for beginners. The implementation first embeds watermark information into the LSB plane of cover images using simple bit manipulation operations, then extracts the hidden data using the same algorithmic approach. The core algorithm relies on logical operations and bit-level modifications to achieve both embedding and extraction processes. Key programming aspects include: utilizing bitget() and bitset() functions for pixel value manipulation, implementing row-column indexing for spatial domain processing, and handling binary conversion of watermark data. Through this program, beginners can grasp fundamental LSB watermarking principles including bit-plane substitution, capacity calculation, and visual transparency considerations. The modular code structure allows for easy modification and experimentation, enabling further exploration of digital watermarking applications and algorithm variations.