Multiple Derivative Algorithms of ESPRIT for Array Signal Processing

Multiple derivative algorithms have been developed from the core ESPRIT algorithm for array signal processing, including the TAM algorithm, Matrix Pencil ESPRIT algorithm, Real-Valued Beamspace ESPRIT algorithm, Real-Valued Spatial ESPRIT algorithm, Total Least Squares ESPRIT algorithm, and Least Squares ESPRIT algorithm. These algorithmic variations employ different mathematical approaches and implementation strategies to address diverse requirements and application scenarios in array signal processing. Key implementation differences include: covariance matrix computation methods, eigenvalue decomposition techniques, real-valued transformation approaches to reduce computational complexity, and various optimization criteria for parameter estimation. Each algorithm offers unique advantages in terms of computational efficiency, estimation accuracy, and robustness to noise conditions, making them suitable for specific practical implementations in signal processing systems.