LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) - Hierarchical Energy-Efficient Routing

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is a widely adopted hierarchical routing approach that balances energy consumption across nodes through clustering and randomization techniques. The protocol partitions the network into multiple clusters and elects cluster heads using a probabilistic rotation mechanism, ensuring uniform energy distribution. Key implementation aspects include: 1) Dynamic cluster formation using distributed algorithms where nodes autonomously decide cluster membership based on signal strength; 2) Randomized cluster head election through threshold-based calculations (T(n) = p/(1-p*(r mod 1/p)) where p is desired percentage of cluster heads); 3) Data aggregation at cluster heads to reduce transmission volume to the base station. Additionally, LEACH significantly reduces network traffic by implementing TDMA-based intra-cluster communication and CSMA for inter-cluster transmissions. The protocol's data fusion capability at cluster heads minimizes redundant data transmission, thereby improving overall network efficiency. It's important to note that while LEACH demonstrates high efficiency in homogeneous networks, it exhibits limitations when handling data-intensive applications where uneven energy drainage may occur among nodes with varying workloads. Practical implementations often require adaptations such as: 1) Incorporating residual energy metrics in head election algorithms; 2) Implementing multi-hop communication between clusters; 3) Adding load balancing mechanisms for heterogeneous networks. Optimal performance requires protocol customization based on network density, data generation patterns, and quality-of-service requirements.