Improved Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) represent a widely deployed technology across various application domains. To optimize WSN performance, researchers have developed multiple clustering algorithms. Among these, the LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol serves as a fundamental reference. Our proposed clustering improvement algorithm implements dynamic cluster head rotation with weighted probability based on residual energy and node density, effectively extending network lifetime. Through comparative analysis with LEACH—monitoring metrics like packet delivery ratio, energy consumption distribution, and cluster stability—we validate our algorithm's superiority in sustaining network performance. The algorithm's core function calculates cluster head eligibility using a hybrid threshold incorporating distance-to-base-station and energy-level parameters. This research holds significant implications for enhancing WSN operational efficiency and application scalability in real-world deployments.