HEED Protocol Implementation for Ad Hoc Networks

To ensure optimal performance of an ad hoc network, implementing the HEED (Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed) protocol is essential. The protocol employs a clustering approach where nodes self-organize into clusters using a hybrid combination of residual energy and communication cost metrics. Key implementation components include:

1. Node Discovery Phase: Nodes broadcast HELLO packets containing their ID and residual energy using broadcast algorithms. The implementation typically uses timer-based mechanisms with random backoff to avoid collisions.

2. Cluster Head Election: Nodes calculate their probability of becoming cluster heads using the formula: P_CH = max(C_prob × (E_residual/E_max), P_min), where C_prob is the initial percentage of cluster heads, and P_min is the minimum probability threshold.

3. Data Transmission: Utilizes TDMA-based scheduling within clusters and CSMA/CA for inter-cluster communication. The implementation requires maintaining neighbor tables and routing caches using data structures like hash maps for efficient lookup.

Neglecting proper protocol implementation can lead to network partitioning, packet loss, and energy inefficiency. The HEED protocol ensures network stability through distributed cluster formation and energy-aware routing decisions, maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) parameters while extending network lifetime.